Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2026

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

[Mechanism of hyperventilation in exertion (an uncommon factor)]

S I Frankshteĭn, L N Smolin, L N Sergeeva

    Biulleten' Eksperimental'Noi Biologii I Meditsiny
    |September 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Electrical stimulation of the corticospinal tract directly boosts phrenic motoneuron excitability. This suggests exercise hyperpnea may originate from corticospinal influence, independent of the respiratory center.

    More Related Videos

    Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice10:00

    Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

    Published on: March 15, 2019

    Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction08:35

    Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction

    Published on: August 17, 2022

    Related Concept Videos

    Alterations in Respiration II01:30

    Alterations in Respiration II

    There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
    In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
    Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

    Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

    In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
    Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

    Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

    Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
    CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated. Under...
    Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

    Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

    Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
    However, the ability to hold one's breath voluntarily is not limitless. When the CO2 concentration in the blood reaches a critical level,...
    Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

    Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

    Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
    Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

    Acute Respiratory Failure-II

    Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
    The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include: