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Related Experiment Video

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Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

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Published on: February 26, 2020

Language-switching and retrieval-based learning: an unfavorable combination.

Moritz Wußing¹, Roland H Grabner², Hannah Sommer²

¹Faculty of Education, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.

Frontiers in Psychology

|August 11, 2023

Summary

Language switching during learning, especially before subsequent learning, hinders memory recall. Retrieval-based learning, while effective, is particularly vulnerable to these language-switching costs, impacting educational strategies.

Keywords:

bilingual learning encoding specificity language dependency language-switching costs mathematical learning retrieval-based learning subsequent learning

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Educational Psychology
Second Language Acquisition

Background:

Language-switching costs occur when information learned in one language is recalled in another.
The encoding specificity principle suggests language-dependent memory representations underlie these costs.
Understanding the impact of language-switching on learning is crucial for educational design.

Purpose of the Study:

To test the encoding specificity principle as a mechanism for language-switching costs.
To investigate the impact of language-switching timing on subsequent learning.
To examine the interaction between retrieval-based learning and language-switching.

Main Methods:

A 2x3 design study with 117 participants learning mathematical concepts.
Within-subjects factor: retrieval-based learning (testing-effect) vs. restudy.
Between-subjects factor: three language-switching conditions (no switch, switch at final test, switch between learning phases).

Main Results:

Retrieval-based learning improved performance (testing-effect).
Language-switching negatively impacted performance (language-switching costs).
A significant interaction revealed retrieval-based learning is particularly susceptible to language-switching costs.
Switching languages before subsequent learning was most detrimental.

Conclusions:

Results validate encoding specificity as the mechanism behind language-switching costs.
The timing of language-switching significantly affects learning outcomes.
Findings offer insights for optimizing educational programs like Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL).