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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
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Impacts of ocean warming on echinoderms: A meta-analysis.

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Ocean warming accelerates echinoderm metabolism and reduces survival, with tropical species and larvae being most vulnerable. Asteroids and juveniles face exacerbated impacts under projected end-of-century warming scenarios.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Ecology
  • Climate Change Science

Background:

  • Rising ocean temperatures pose a significant threat to marine ectotherms, particularly echinoderms, which play crucial ecological roles.
  • Existing laboratory studies show variable responses of echinoderms to warming, necessitating a comprehensive synthesis to identify broad patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis synthesizing 85 studies to understand the effects of ocean warming on echinoderm performance predictors.
  • To compare mean responses across biological metrics, life stages, taxonomic classes, and regions, including projections for end-of-century warming.

Main Methods:

  • Meta-analysis of 710 individual responses from 85 studies on echinoderms and ocean warming.
  • Multivariate linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze mean responses across various biological and environmental factors.
  • Specific models focused on responses to warming magnitudes exceeding projected end-of-century temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Ocean warming generally increases echinoderm metabolic rates (+32%) and decreases survival (-35%).
  • Subtropical and tropical echinoderms exhibit higher vulnerability (-9% and -8% respectively), with larvae (-20%) and asteroids (-30%) being particularly sensitive.
  • Projected end-of-century warming exacerbates negative impacts on asteroids (-51%), tropical species (-34%), and juveniles (-40%).

Conclusions:

  • Ocean warming presents a substantial threat to echinoderm populations, affecting metabolism, survival, and recruitment.
  • Larval and juvenile stages, along with asteroids and tropical species, are identified as critical vulnerabilities.
  • Findings aid in predicting the ecological consequences of ocean warming for keystone and invasive echinoderm species and marine ecosystems.