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Related Concept Videos

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a phototrophic process that captures light energy to drive carbon fixation without producing molecular oxygen. Unlike oxygenic photosynthesis, which utilizes water as an electron donor and releases oxygen, anoxygenic phototrophs use alternative electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), elemental sulfur (S⁰), or thiosulfate (S₂O₃²⁻). This process is carried out by diverse groups of bacteria, including purple bacteria, green...
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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria01:28

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Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms that perform photosynthesis without producing oxygen. They primarily include purple sulfur bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, and green nonsulfur bacteria. These bacteria are classified into the Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Chlorobi, and Chloroflexi lineages, each with distinct physiological and ecological adaptations.Purple sulfur bacteria belong to the...
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Biosynthesis in Bacteria01:24

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Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
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The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
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Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
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Persulfide Biosynthesis Conserved Evolutionarily in All Organisms.

Seiryo Ogata1, Tetsuro Matsunaga1, Minkyung Jung1

  • 1Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
|August 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persulfides, essential sulfur metabolites, are synthesized by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS) across all life domains. This discovery advances understanding of redox signaling and related diseases.

Keywords:
CARSCPERSevolutionpersulfidepolysulfidesupersulfide

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Redox Biology

Background:

  • Persulfides (R-Sn-R', n>2; R-Sn-H, n>1) are endogenous sulfur metabolites found in cells.
  • The precise mechanisms of persulfide synthesis and their biological roles remain incompletely understood.
  • Cysteine persulfide (CysSSH) is a key representative persulfide species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quantitative method for analyzing sulfur metabolites, including persulfides.
  • To identify the enzymes responsible for persulfide synthesis.
  • To investigate the evolutionary conservation and physiological significance of persulfide production.

Main Methods:

  • Development of sulfur metabolomics using β-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl iodoacetamide and mass spectrometry.
  • Quantitative analysis of persulfide species in biological specimens from diverse organisms (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya).
  • Enzyme activity assays to identify persulfide synthase activity.

Main Results:

  • Detection of various persulfide species across different biological domains.
  • Identification of cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS) as a novel, conserved persulfide synthase.
  • Demonstration of CARS's CysSSH synthase activity conserved from bacteria to eukaryotes.

Conclusions:

  • Persulfides are fundamental biological molecules synthesized by conserved enzymes like CARS.
  • Persulfide generation is linked to diverse physiological functions via redox signaling.
  • Understanding persulfide pathways may lead to new therapies for oxidative stress and related diseases.