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Updated: Jul 19, 2025
Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
Published on: February 22, 2019
Repeated Bordetella pertussis Infections Are Required to Reprogram Acellular Pertussis Vaccine-Primed Host Responses
Parul Kapil1, Yihui Wang1, Lindsey Zimmerman1
1Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Background:
The United States has experienced a resurgence of pertussis following the introduction of acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. This is likely due to the failure of aP vaccines to induce durable immunity and prevent infection, carriage, and transmission.
Methods:
To evaluate the impact of aP vaccination on the immune response to infection and test the ability of infection to reprogram aP-imprinted immune responses, we challenged unvaccinated and aP-vaccinated baboons with Bordetella pertussis multiple times and accessed the immune responses and outcomes of infections after each exposure.
Results:
Multiple infections were required to elicit T-helper 17 responses and protection in aP-vaccinated animals comparable to responses seen in unvaccinated animals after a single challenge. Even after 3 challenges, T-helper 1 responses were not observed in aP-vaccinated animals. Immunoglobulin G responses to vaccine and nonvaccine antigens were not negatively affected in aP-vaccinated animals.
Conclusions:
Our results indicate that it is possible to retrain aP-primed immune responses, but it will likely require an optimal booster and multiple doses. Our results in the baboon model suggest that circulation of B. pertussis in aP-vaccinated populations is concentrated in the younger age bands of the population, providing information that can guide improved modeling of B. pertussis epidemiology in aP-vaccinated populations.
