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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

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Updated: Jul 19, 2025

Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants

Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants

Published on: May 23, 2020

Concomitant Temporomandibular Joint Replacement and Orthognathic Surgery.

Felix Jose Amarista¹, Daniel E Perez¹

¹Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8210 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 8124, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

|August 12, 2023

Summary

Severe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders complicate dentofacial deformities. Combining alloplastic temporomandibular joint replacement (TMJR) with orthognathic surgery offers predictable, stable solutions for complex cases.

Keywords:

alloplastic TMJ reconstruction dentofacial deformities orthognathic surgery temporomandibular joint disorders

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Area of Science:

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Orthodontics
Biomaterials Science

Background:

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders significantly impact the stability of surgical treatments for dentofacial deformities.
Addressing TMJ disorders is crucial for achieving optimal and long-lasting outcomes in patients with skeletal discrepancies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the indications, preoperative evaluation, staging, sequencing, and surgical considerations for alloplastic temporomandibular joint replacement (TMJR) in patients with dentofacial deformities.
To highlight TMJR combined with orthognathic surgery as a standard approach for end-stage TMJ disease and DFDs.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature and established surgical protocols.
Discussion of the comprehensive approach integrating TMJR and orthognathic surgery.
Analysis of treatment planning and surgical considerations for complex TMJ disorders and DFDs.

Main Results:

Alloplastic TMJR combined with orthognathic surgery provides predictable, stable, and excellent outcomes.
This combined approach addresses both functional and aesthetic aspects comprehensively.
Improved treatment planning and successful patient outcomes are achieved through understanding the utilization of TMJR in conjunction with orthognathic surgery.

Conclusions:

Alloplastic TMJR and orthognathic surgery represent a standard of care for severe TMJ disorders with associated dentofacial deformities.
Careful preoperative evaluation and strategic sequencing are essential for successful outcomes.
This integrated surgical approach offers a comprehensive solution for complex patient conditions.