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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Compromised Mitotic Fidelity in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Inês Milagre1, Carolina Pereira2, Raquel A Oliveira1,2

  • 1Católica Biomedical Research Centre, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) often have errors in chromosome distribution during cell division, leading to aneuploidy. This review explores mechanisms causing faulty cell division in PSCs and potential solutions for safe regenerative medicine.

Keywords:
aneuploidyhuman pluripotent stem cellsmitotic fidelity

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Genetics
  • Cellular biology

Background:

  • Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are vital for research and regenerative medicine.
  • PSCs are prone to aneuploidy, an abnormal chromosome number, raising safety concerns.
  • Aneuploidy can disrupt cell function, embryo development, and promote cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular mechanisms causing mitotic errors in human PSCs.
  • To discuss the consequences of aneuploidy in PSCs.
  • To explore how PSC physiology impacts mitotic fidelity and potential circumvention strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular mechanisms.
  • Analysis of consequences of aneuploidy in PSCs.
  • Speculative discussion on PSC physiology and mitotic machinery.

Main Results:

  • Mitotic errors in PSCs lead to aneuploidy.
  • Aneuploidy triggers stress pathways, impairs development, and increases cancer risk.
  • Understanding PSC physiology is key to addressing suboptimal mitotic fidelity.

Conclusions:

  • Mitotic fidelity is a critical safety concern for PSCs in regenerative medicine.
  • Further research into PSC cell division mechanisms is needed.
  • Strategies to improve mitotic fidelity may enhance the therapeutic potential of PSCs.