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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development.

Andrea Alcaide Martin¹, Steffen Mayerl¹

¹Department of Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|August 12, 2023

Summary

Thyroid hormone (TH) is crucial for brain development, regulating neurotransmitter systems. Disrupted TH signaling during critical periods impairs brain development and neurological function, impacting neuronal systems.

Keywords:

GABA T3 T4 acetylcholine dopamine glutamate thyroid hormone

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2025

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Endocrinology

Background:

Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for proper brain development.
TH signaling components require precise regulation in a cell- and region-specific manner.
Abnormal TH levels or signaling disrupt brain development and neurological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the regulation of TH signaling components during brain development.
To present recent findings on how altered TH signaling affects neurotransmitter systems.
To highlight novel mechanisms and identify future research directions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of TH signaling in brain development.
Synthesis of current knowledge on TH component regulation.
Analysis of recent studies on TH signaling and neurotransmitter systems.

Main Results:

TH signaling components are tightly regulated spatially and temporally during brain development.
Altered TH signaling negatively impacts the development of glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons.
Mechanisms linking TH signaling to neuronal development are increasingly understood.

Conclusions:

TH signaling plays a critical role in the development and maturation of diverse brain neurotransmitter systems.
Understanding TH's role is vital for addressing developmental neurological disorders.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay between TH and brain development.