Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Real-time 3D monitoring of NIR laser effects on biodegradable polymers.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Remote monitoring of powder dehumidification by speckle pattern analysis.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Mesoporous silica derivatives in random optical fields.

iScience·2026

Same author

Speckle tweezers near water-oil and water-air interfaces.

Biomedical optics express·2026

Same author

Bending Dynamics of Magnetic Filaments at a Curved Bacterial Bath Interface.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2025

Same author

Speckle pattern analysis using differential dynamic matrix.

Optics letters·2025

Same journal

Application of ephrin-B2 loaded glycol chitosan-silk fibroin hydrogel in the treatment of diabetic refractory wounds.

Scientific reports·2026

Same journal

International expert Delphi consensus on thromboprophylaxis in metabolic and bariatric surgery.

Scientific reports·2026

Same journal

Assessing the cross-region knowledge transfer capability of selected deep learning building vectorization methods in the context of available training datasets.

Scientific reports·2026

Same journal

Feasibility and preliminary effects of outdoor versus indoor cognitive-motor therapy in women with Alzheimer's disease: A randomized single-blind pilot study.

Scientific reports·2026

Same journal

Hallmarks of social action in the vocal turn-taking of wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Scientific reports·2026

Same journal

Role and mechanism of AOPPs-induced NOX4-mediated ferroptosis in intervertebral disc degeneration.

Scientific reports·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2025

$Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures$

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Optical diffractometry by rough phase steps.

Morteza Jafari Siavashani¹, Elyas Nasimdoust², Parviz Elahi³

¹Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9161, Iran.

Scientific Reports

|August 12, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Optical diffractometry (OD) using phase steps is a vibration-resistant alternative to interferometry. This study shows that phase step surface roughness affects OD diffraction patterns, but key characteristics can be preserved.

More Related Videos

$Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction$

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

Published on: April 1, 2017

$High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2$

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2

Published on: January 16, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2025

$Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures$

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

$Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction$

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

Published on: April 1, 2017

$High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2$

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2

Published on: January 16, 2017

Area of Science:

Metrology
Optical Engineering
Diffraction Physics

Background:

Optical diffractometry (OD) offers an alternative to interferometry with reduced sensitivity to environmental vibrations.
OD applications rely on Fresnel diffraction patterns generated by phase steps to measure objects.
Previous work indicated that infinitely sharp phase steps are not required for OD.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of phase step surface roughness and unflatness on optical diffractometry.
To determine the acceptable limits of surface imperfections for maintaining OD characteristics.
To establish metrics for evaluating the similarity between diffraction patterns from rough and ideal phase steps.

Main Methods:

Theoretical derivation of the relationship between phase step surface roughness and diffraction pattern characteristics.
Analysis of diffraction pattern features, including detectable fringe count and autocorrelation functions.
Validation through numerical simulations and experimental measurements.

Main Results:

Phase step surface roughness and unflatness significantly influence OD diffraction patterns.
The degree of roughness affects the preservation of OD-diffraction-pattern characteristics.
Detectable fringe count and autocorrelation functions serve as effective measures for evaluating pattern similarity.

Conclusions:

Optical diffractometry is robust to a certain level of phase step surface roughness.
Understanding the impact of surface imperfections is crucial for reliable OD applications.
Theoretical models and experimental validation confirm the influence of roughness on OD performance.