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Understanding drugs, drug products, and their performance in pharmaceutical science is pivotal. Drugs, whether simple molecules or complex compounds, are designed to interact with the body's biological systems to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. Drug products include various delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, injections, and inhalers. The performance of these drug products is gauged by their ability to deliver the active ingredient to the desired site of action at the...
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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Injectable fillers: current status, physicochemical properties, function mechanism, and perspectives.

Jiahong Guo1,2, Wei Fang3,4, Feifei Wang1,2

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Injectable fillers offer minimally invasive facial rejuvenation. This review compares current soft tissue filler properties and mechanisms, exploring future trends in cosmetic treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Aging process understanding drives demand for minimally invasive facial rejuvenation.
  • Growing market for injectable fillers necessitates understanding product diversity.
  • Facial wrinkles, folds, and contouring are key aesthetic concerns addressed by fillers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current injectable filler products.
  • To analyze and compare physicochemical properties and mechanisms of action.
  • To propose future trends and developments in injectable filler technology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current injectable filler products.
  • Comparative analysis of biophysical and physicochemical properties.
  • Evaluation of functional mechanisms for volume-filling and rejuvenation.

Main Results:

  • Detailed comparison of various injectable filler types.
  • Analysis of how specific properties influence clinical outcomes.
  • Identification of key differentiators in filler performance.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding filler properties is crucial for effective facial rejuvenation.
  • Comparative analysis guides selection for optimal aesthetic results.
  • Future developments focus on enhanced efficacy and safety profiles.