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Low-Cost, Volume-Controlled Dipstick Urinalysis for Home-Testing

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Cost-effective smartphone-based method for low range chemical oxygen demand analysis.

Inalmar D Barbosa Segundo¹, Jussara C Cardozo¹, Pollyana Souza Castro²

¹Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN CEP 59078-970, Brazil.

|August 14, 2023

Summary

Researchers can now measure chemical oxygen demand (COD) using just a smartphone. This simple, low-cost method offers high accuracy for water quality monitoring, especially in developing nations.

Keywords:

COD Digital image colorimetry HSV image processing Smartphone-based method for low range chemical oxygen demand analysis Smartphone-based technology

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Analytical Chemistry
Water Quality Monitoring

Background:

Traditional chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis often relies on expensive spectrophotometers, limiting accessibility in resource-constrained settings.
Decentralized environmental monitoring is crucial for effective water resource management and achieving global sustainability goals.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a simple, rapid, and cost-effective protocol for COD analysis using smartphone technology.
To provide a viable alternative to conventional spectrophotometric methods for researchers, particularly in developing countries.

Main Methods:

A protocol utilizing smartphone cameras and a free Android application analyzing HSV (hue, saturation, value) color parameters was developed.
Calibration was performed using theoretical potassium hydrogen phthalate values and digested COD samples.
The method's performance was evaluated based on coefficient of determination (R²), accuracy, and range.

Main Results:

The smartphone-based COD analysis achieved a coefficient of determination (R²) greater than 0.99, indicating high reliability.
The method demonstrated an average accuracy of 97% for samples within the 0 to 150 mg L⁻¹ COD range.
Smartphone analysis effectively substituted expensive spectrophotometers, showing high confidence levels.

Conclusions:

Smartphone-based COD measurement presents a promising, accessible tool for environmental analysis, particularly in decentralized monitoring scenarios.
This novel protocol supports Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by enhancing water quality assessment capabilities.
The method's efficiency in reading HSV values and its cost-effectiveness make it a valuable asset for laboratories and policy implementation.