Nutrition and thyroid disease.

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Nutritional Science
• Public Health

Background:

• Thyroid function is significantly influenced by micronutrient status.
• Nutritional deficiencies can exacerbate thyroid dysfunction and disease progression.
• Dietary interventions are increasingly recognized for managing thyroid conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent findings on the role of trace elements and vitamins in thyroid health.
• To identify key nutrients critical for preventing and managing thyroid disease.
• To evaluate the impact of dietary patterns on thyroid function and inflammation.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of recent scientific literature.
• Analysis of studies focusing on micronutrient involvement in thyroid pathology.
• Evaluation of dietary interventions, including the Mediterranean diet.

Main Results:

• Iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, and vitamins B12, D3, and A are vital for thyroid function.
• These micronutrients possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, reducing thyroid autoantibodies and improving function.
• The Mediterranean diet, rich in these elements, shows benefits at immune, endocrine, and biomolecular levels, particularly for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Conclusions:

• Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, reduced meat intake, and potential elimination of gluten/lactose may improve inflammation and thyroiditis symptoms.
• Public health policies should focus on cost-effective interventions to prevent essential mineral and vitamin deficiencies.
• Optimizing nutrition is key to protecting both general and thyroid health.