Non-Coronary Atherosclerotic Arterial Disease: Where Are We Now?

Lower extremity peripheral artery and upper extremity artery disease are significant vascular conditions with distinct clinical presentations and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The lower extremity peripheral artery is associated with worse major adverse cardiovascular events compared with coronary artery disease, but often remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Upper extremity artery disease encompasses a range of clinical presentations resulting from atherosclerosis and other obstructive lesions in arteries such as the subclavian artery and brachiocephalic trunk. While atherosclerosis is a common cause, non-atherosclerotic factors can also influence distal lesions. This review aims to synthesize existing knowledge on both conditions, encompassing risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options. Improved awareness and early intervention can mitigate complications and enhance patient outcomes for lower extremity peripheral artery and upper extremity artery disease.