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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Updated: Jul 19, 2025

Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils
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Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils

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Controlled Radical Copolymerization toward Well-Defined Fluoropolymers.

Kaixuan Chen1, Xing Guo1, Mao Chen1

  • 1Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|August 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Controlled radical copolymerizations (CRCPs) enable precise synthesis of custom fluoropolymers. This approach offers on-demand preparation of advanced materials with tailored properties for high-tech applications.

Keywords:
CopolymerizationFluorinePhotocatalysisReversible Deactivation Radical PolymerizationSynthetic Methods

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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Fluoropolymers possess unique physicochemical properties, leading to widespread industrial and academic applications over 80 years.
  • Copolymerization of fluoroalkenes with other monomers is key to developing high-performance materials by combining fluorocarbon attributes with comonomer versatility.
  • Significant research efforts are directed towards synthesizing well-defined fluorinated copolymers with controlled structures and properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and recent advancements in controlled radical copolymerizations (CRCPs) of fluoroalkenes.
  • To highlight the progress in CRCPs involving various fluoroalkenes and non-fluorinated vinyl comonomers.
  • To emphasize the potential for on-demand synthesis of customized fluoropolymers with precisely controlled characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of challenges associated with controlled radical copolymerizations (CRCPs) of fluoroalkenes.
  • Review of recent progress in CRCPs involving fluoroalkenes (e.g., tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers) and non-fluorinated vinyl comonomers.
  • Focus on synthetic strategies enabling precise control over polymer architecture.

Main Results:

  • CRCPs have enabled the on-demand preparation of main-chain fluoropolymers with predefined molar masses and low dispersities.
  • These methods allow for the regulation of chemical compositions and sequences within the fluorinated copolymers.
  • Successful copolymerizations of various fluoroalkenes with non-fluorinated vinyl comonomers have been demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • Controlled radical copolymerizations offer significant synthetic advantages for accessing well-defined fluorinated copolymers.
  • These advancements facilitate the facile and controlled preparation of customized fluoropolymers.
  • The developed synthetic routes are poised to promote the use of tailored fluoropolymers in high-tech applications like batteries and advanced coatings.