LGI1 Encephalitis and IgG4-Related Disease: Rare Conditions Collide

Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis and IgG4-related disease (IgG4RD) have traditionally been regarded as 2 distinct disease entities.

We detail the presentation, investigations, and management of a patient who showed typical signs and symptoms of LGI1 encephalitis and also found to possess pancreatic changes and a serum profile in keeping with IgG4RD.

Serum and CSF analyses at presentation showed a significant hyponatraemia (117 mmol/L), elevated IgG4 concentration (1.73 g/L), and the presence of LGI1 antibodies. MRI revealed symmetrical diffuse T2-weighted hyperintensity and mild swelling throughout both medial temporal lobes. CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis revealed an edematous, bulky pancreas with loss of lobulation, typical for IgG4RD. A glucocorticoid weaning regimen was commenced, facilitated by 2 rituximab infusions, with the patient showing an effective treatment response. HLA testing confirmed the presence of HLA DRB1 and HLA DQB1 risk alleles.

This case suggests that there may be shared mechanisms between LGI1 encephalitis and IgG4RD, supported by common risk HLA associations and treatment strategies/responses. To our knowledge, this represents the first instance that LGI1 encephalitis and IgG4RD have been reported in the same patient and emphasizes the continued development of our understanding of the wide range of IgG4-mediated conditions.