[Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 alleviates infectious bronchitis virus-induced cellular inflammation by suppressing...

The goal of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on cellular inflammation caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and the underlying mechanism of such effect. Vero and DF-1 cells were used as test target to be exposed to recombinant IBV virus (IBV-3ab-Luc). Four different groups were tested: the control group, the infection group[IBV-3ab-Luc, MOI (multiplicity of infection)=1], the ACE2 overexpression group[IBV-3ab Luc+pcDNA3.1(+)-ACE2], and the ACE2-depleted group (IBV-3ab-Luc+siRNA-ACE2). After the cells in the infection group started to show cytopathic indicators, the overall protein and RNA in cell of each group were extracted. real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the mRNA expression level of the IBV nucleoprotein (IBV-N), glycoprotein 130 (gp130) and cellular interleukin-6 (IL-6). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the level of IL-6 in cell supernatant. Western blotting was performed to determine the level of ACE2 phosphorylation of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). We found that ACE2 was successfully overexpressed and depleted in both Vero and DF-1 cells. Secondly, cytopathic indicators were observed in infected Vero cells including rounding, detaching, clumping, and formation of syncytia. These indicators were alleviated in ACE2 overexpression group but exacerbated when ACE2 was depleted. Thirdly, in the infection group, capering with the control group, the expression level of IBV-N, gp130, IL-6 mRNA and increased significantly (P < 0.05), the IL-6 level was significant or extremely significant elevated in cell supernatant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); the expression of ACE2 decreased significantly (P < 0.05); protein phosphorylation level of JAK2 and STAT3 increased significantly (P < 0.05). Fourthly, comparing with the infected group, the level of IBV-N mRNA expression in the ACE2 overexpression group had no notable change (P > 0.05), but the expression of gp130 mRNA, IL-6 level and expression of mRNA were elevated (P < 0.05) and the protein phosphorylation level of JAK2 and STAT3 decreased significantly (P < 0.05). In the ACE2-depleted group, there was no notable change in IBV-N (P > 0.05), but the IL-6 level and expression of mRNA increased significantly (P < 0.05) and the phosphorylation level of JAK2 and STAT3 protein decreased slightly (P > 0.05). The results demonstrated for the first time that ACE2 did not affect the replication of IBV in DF-1 cell, but it did contribute to the prevention of the activation of the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, resulting in an alleviation of IBV-induced cellular inflammation in Vero and DF-1 cells.