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Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
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Smartphone Eye Examination: Artificial Intelligence and Telemedicine.

Manuel Augusto Pereira Vilela1, Alessandro Arrigo2,3, Maurizio Battaglia Parodi2,3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Telemedicine Journal and E-Health : the Official Journal of the American Telemedicine Association
|August 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Smartphone eye exams offer a cheap, safe, and effective method for screening common causes of blindness like diabetic retinopathy. This technology democratizes eye care access and aids public health policies.

Keywords:
artificial intelligencemobile phonesretinal imagingsmartphonesmartphone-based fundus imagingtelemedicine

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Medical Technology
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Recent advancements in telecommunications, photodocumentation, and AI have enabled new diagnostic tools.
  • Smartphone-based eye examination is emerging as a promising technology for primary healthcare.
  • This method democratizes the teaching of fundoscopy and aids in screening for blindness-causing diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current use and future prospects of smartphone eye examination as a screening and diagnostic tool.
  • To survey major published advances in retinal and anterior segment analysis using AI.
  • To assess the diagnostic accuracy of smartphone ophthalmoscopy for prevalent eye diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Electronic literature search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library.
  • Inclusion of studies comparing smartphone ophthalmoscopy diagnostic accuracy against reference standards.
  • Analysis of published advances in AI-driven retinal and anterior segment analysis.

Main Results:

  • Smartphone eye examination is a safe, portable, low-cost, and reproducible method with encouraging results.
  • High agreement between conventional and smartphone methods for detecting causes of blindness.
  • Databases often lack complete metadata and sufficient images, posing challenges for real-world application.

Conclusions:

  • Smartphone eye examination is a powerful tool for screening and early diagnosis of major causes of blindness.
  • This technology can streamline medical workflows and benefit public health policies.
  • It makes safe and quality eye assessments accessible to a wider population.