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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain is a crucial metabolic pathway facilitating energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes that mediate a series of redox reactions located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. These complexes function by transferring electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to terminal electron acceptors, including oxygen in aerobic respiration...
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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

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Updated: Jul 19, 2025

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
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Anion Pathways in the NarK Nitrate/Nitrite Exchanger.

Nara Lee Chon1, Natalie Jean Schultz1, Hongjin Zheng2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States.

Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
|August 16, 2023
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Summary

NarK nitrate/nitrite antiporter

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • NarK is a nitrate/nitrite antiporter crucial for nitrogen metabolism.
  • Its transport mechanism, particularly the role of key residues, remains unclear.
  • Nitrite accumulation can be toxic, highlighting the importance of NarK function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the operational mechanism of the NarK nitrate/nitrite antiporter.
  • To investigate the role of conserved arginine residues and glycine-rich motifs in anion transport.
  • To understand the impact of the R89K mutation on NarK function.

Main Methods:

  • Steered molecular dynamics simulations of anion translocation.
  • Quantum-chemistry calculations of NarK binding sites.
  • Comparative analysis of wild-type NarK and its R89K mutant.

Main Results:

  • Identified conserved arginine residues (R89, R305) and glycine-rich motifs as critical for anion movement.
  • Observed protein conformational changes during anion migration.
  • Revealed proton competition in the R89K mutant, potentially trapping anions.

Conclusions:

  • The study clarifies the mechanism of nitrate and nitrite transport by NarK.
  • Conserved residues and motifs are vital for efficient anion translocation.
  • The R89K mutation's inhibitory effect is explained by altered proton dynamics.