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Updated: Jul 19, 2025

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence
Published on: October 25, 2011
Implications of tumour heterogeneity on cancer evolution and therapy resistance: lessons from breast cancer
Shefali Thakur1, Syed Haider1, Rachael Natrajan1
1The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
Abstract:
Tumour heterogeneity is pervasive amongst many cancers and leads to disease progression, and therapy resistance. In this review, using breast cancer as an exemplar, we focus on the recent advances in understanding the interplay between tumour cells and their microenvironment using single cell sequencing and digital spatial profiling technologies. Further, we discuss the utility of lineage tracing methodologies in pre-clinical models of breast cancer, and how these are being used to unravel new therapeutic vulnerabilities and reveal biomarkers of breast cancer progression. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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