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Related Concept Videos

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain01:29

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

250
Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...
250
Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

109
It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials01:24

Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials

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The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
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Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

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Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
563
Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

222
A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Production of a Strain-Measuring Device with an Improved 3D Printer
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Operando neutron diffraction reveals mechanisms for controlled strain evolution in 3D printing.

A Plotkowski1, K Saleeby2, C M Fancher3

  • 1Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA. plotkowskiaj@ornl.gov.

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|August 16, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used operando neutron diffraction to study residual stress in additive manufacturing (AM). They found that phase boundary motion controls strain, offering a new way to design AM components for better performance and durability.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Manufacturing Engineering
  • Physics

Background:

  • Residual stresses impact manufactured goods, particularly in additive manufacturing (AM), due to complex thermal conditions.
  • Conventional methods cannot measure real-time stress evolution during AM processes.
  • Understanding stress development is crucial for improving component reliability and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize transient phase transformations and lattice strain evolution during AM using operando neutron diffraction.
  • To investigate the mechanisms controlling residual stress and strain distributions in additively manufactured components.
  • To establish a new pathway for designing residual stress states and property distributions in AM parts.

Main Methods:

  • Operando neutron diffraction was employed to monitor lattice strain evolution in real-time during AM.
  • Infrared thermography and simulation data were combined with diffraction measurements.
  • A low-temperature transformation steel was used as the material for AM.

Main Results:

  • Operando neutron diffraction successfully characterized transient phase transformations and lattice strain during AM.
  • The motion of the face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) phase boundary was identified as the key factor controlling elastic and plastic strain distributions.
  • A correlation between phase transformation dynamics and residual stress development was established.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a novel method for understanding and controlling residual stresses in additive manufacturing.
  • Insights into phase boundary motion offer a pathway to engineer desirable residual stress states.
  • This research enables the design of AM components with enhanced fatigue life and improved resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.