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Supercritical Water Oxidation as an Innovative Technology for PFAS Destruction.

Max J Krause¹, Eben Thoma², Endalkachew Sahle-Damesessie¹

¹US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, 26 Martin Luther King Dr W, Cincinnati, OH 45268.

Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)

|August 17, 2023

Summary

Supercritical water oxidation effectively destroyed over 99% of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in dilute aqueous film-forming foam solutions. This advanced oxidation process shows promise for treating challenging PFAS-contaminated wastewater.

Keywords:

PFAS PFOS Supercritical water oxidation aqueous film-forming foam fluoride

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Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Water Treatment Technologies

Background:

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) utilizes water above 374 °C and 22.1 MPa, a state enhancing organic solubility and oxidation.
SCWO has demonstrated efficacy in destroying hazardous halogenated compounds.
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants found in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF).

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of SCWO systems in reducing PFAS concentrations in dilute AFFF solutions.
To assess the destruction efficiency of SCWO for specific PFAS compounds like PFOS and PFOA.
To determine the overall impact of SCWO on organic compound destruction in AFFF.

Main Methods:

Three independent SCWO technology providers conducted demonstration studies on dilute AFFF solutions.
Targeted-compound analysis was employed to quantify PFAS concentrations before and after SCWO treatment.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements were used to assess overall organic matter destruction.

Main Results:

All three SCWO demonstrations achieved greater than 99% reduction in total identified PFAS.
Significant reductions in perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were observed across all studies.
A substantial decrease in COD from 4,750 to 5.17 mg/L indicated effective destruction of organic compounds.

Conclusions:

SCWO is a highly effective destructive technology for PFAS in AFFF, exceeding 99% removal rates.
The technology offers a potential permanent solution for PFAS-laden wastewater, alternative to landfilling or deep-well injection.
Further research is needed to fully characterize reaction by-products for a comprehensive safety assessment.