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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2025

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis
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Does fetal growth restriction induce neuropathology within the developing brainstem?

Elham Ahmadzadeh1,2, Graeme R Polglase1,2, Vanesa Stojanovska1,2

  • 1The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

The Journal of Physiology
|August 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) impacts brainstem development due to chronic hypoxia from placental dysfunction. This review explores FGR

Keywords:
brain injurybrainstemcardiovascularfetalfetal growth restrictionneuropathology

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition where a fetus fails to reach its genetic growth potential, primarily caused by placental dysfunction.
  • Placental dysfunction leads to chronic fetal hypoxemia, adversely affecting neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory development, especially critical for neonatal survival.
  • The brainstem is vital for regulating cardiovascular, respiratory, and autonomic functions, yet its neurodevelopmental consequences in FGR remain poorly understood.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on the brainstem's specific responses to acute and chronic hypoxia.
  • It examines existing data on brainstem alterations in fetuses with FGR.
  • The review discusses how structural changes in the brainstem may compromise cardiovascular and respiratory control.

Key Points:

  • Chronic fetal hypoxemia associated with FGR may lead to pathophysiological changes in brainstem neurodevelopment.
  • Structural alterations in the brainstem can impair the functional control of cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
  • The brainstem's role in cardiorespiratory adaptation during the fetal-to-neonatal transition is crucial, both in normal and growth-restricted infants.

Conclusions:

  • The brainstem plays a critical role in mediating cardiovascular and respiratory responses throughout fetal and neonatal life.
  • Understanding how chronic fetal hypoxemia affects brainstem structure and function is essential for managing FGR.
  • Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps concerning FGR and brainstem development.