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Learning Disabilities

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...

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Updated: Jul 19, 2025

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

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Measuring disability in multiple sclerosis: the WHODAS 2.0.

Carolyn A Young^1,2, David J Rog³, Basil Sharrack⁴

¹Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Lower Lane, Fazakerley, Liverpool, L9 7LJ, UK. Carolyn.young11@nhs.net.

Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation

|August 17, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) reliably measures multiple sclerosis (MS) disability. This patient-reported outcome is valuable for tracking MS disability trajectories in clinical and research settings.

Keywords:

Assessment Disability Multiple sclerosis Patient reported outcome measure Rasch Trajectories of Outcome in Neurological Conditions (TONiC)World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2025

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: November 14, 2016

Measuring the Functional Abilities of Children Aged 3-6 Years Old with Observational Methods and Computer Tools

Measuring the Functional Abilities of Children Aged 3-6 Years Old with Observational Methods and Computer Tools

Published on: June 20, 2020

Area of Science:

Neurology
Rehabilitation Medicine
Psychometrics

Background:

Reliable patient self-reported disability measurement is crucial for multiple sclerosis (MS) research and clinical practice.
The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) is a comprehensive tool for assessing disability.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the WHODAS 2.0 in a large cohort of individuals with MS.
To determine the reliability and validity of different WHODAS 2.0 versions for individual and group assessments.

Main Methods:

Rasch analysis was applied to data from 5809 people with MS in the Trajectories of Outcome in Neurological Conditions-MS study.
The WHODAS 2.0 (36-item, 32-item, and 12-item short-form) was assessed for reliability, validity, and differential item functioning (DIF).

Main Results:

The 36-item and 32-item WHODAS 2.0 forms, and their cognitive and physical domains, demonstrated reliable measurement for individual and group use.
The 12-item short-form is suitable only for group assessments.
All scales provided interval-level data with significant discrimination across various demographic and disease characteristics, and showed minimal DIF, supporting longitudinal use.

Conclusions:

The WHODAS 2.0 is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring and monitoring disability in multiple sclerosis at an interval level.
Routine implementation of the WHODAS 2.0 in clinical and research settings can yield significant insights into MS disability trajectories.