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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

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At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
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Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

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This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
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Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

14.8K
The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

12.6K
Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
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Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
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Ergodicity breaking in rapidly rotating C60 fullerenes.

Lee R Liu1,2, Dina Rosenberg1,2, P Bryan Changala1,2

  • 1JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 17, 2023
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We observed rotational ergodicity breaking in the large 12C60 molecule. This phenomenon, occurring below the vibrational threshold, shows transitions between ergodic and nonergodic states with increasing angular momentum.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical mechanics
  • Quantum dynamics
  • Molecular spectroscopy

Background:

  • Ergodicity is fundamental to statistical mechanics, describing a system's exploration of its phase space.
  • Ergodicity breaking is crucial for understanding nonequilibrium matter and preserving quantum coherence.
  • Polyatomic molecules are key for studying vibrational energy transport and ergodicity breaking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate rotational ergodicity breaking in a large molecule.
  • To analyze the influence of symmetry, size, and rigidity on ergodicity.
  • To explore transitions between ergodic and nonergodic dynamics in mesoscopic quantum systems.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution rovibrational spectroscopy of 12C60.
  • Analysis of icosahedral fine structure.
  • Theoretical modeling of energy transport and phase space exploration.

Main Results:

  • Observed rotational ergodicity breaking in 12C60.
  • Ergodicity breaking occurred below the vibrational ergodicity threshold.
  • Multiple transitions between ergodic and nonergodic regimes were identified with increasing angular momentum.

Conclusions:

  • The unique properties of 12C60 lead to complex rotational dynamics.
  • Rotational ergodicity breaking in large molecules offers new insights into quantum chaos.
  • This study highlights the relevance of 12C60 for mesoscopic quantum systems and emergent phenomena.