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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking
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Electronic gaming machine accessibility and gambling problems: A natural policy experiment.

Alex M T Russell1, Matthew Browne2, Nerilee Hing2

  • 11Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 400 Kent St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
|August 18, 2023
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Summary

Restricting electronic gaming machines (EGMs) significantly lowers gambling harm. Reduced EGM accessibility in Western Australia led to one-third less gambling problems, with little transfer to other gambling forms.

Keywords:
accessibilityavailabilityelectronic gaming machinesgamblinggambling harmgambling policygambling problems

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Gambling Research
  • Policy Evaluation

Background:

  • Electronic gaming machines (EGMs) are a significant source of individual gambling harm.
  • The population-level impact of restricting EGM functions and accessibility remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of restricted electronic gaming machine (EGM) accessibility on population-level gambling harm.
  • To compare gambling problems in Western Australia (WA) with restricted EGM access to other Australian jurisdictions with widespread EGM availability.

Main Methods:

  • A natural policy experiment utilizing a large national dataset (N=15,000).
  • Comparison of gambling problem estimates between WA residents and residents of other Australian jurisdictions.
  • Analysis controlled for standard population variables, with similar accessibility for other gambling forms.

Main Results:

  • Despite higher overall gambling participation in WA, EGM participation was halved.
  • Aggregate gambling problems and harm were approximately one-third lower in WA.
  • Reduced EGM use in WA was the primary driver of lower gambling problems, with minimal transfer to other gambling forms.

Conclusions:

  • Restricted EGM accessibility, not structural features, is linked to lower gambling harm.
  • Policies limiting EGM accessibility can substantially reduce population-level gambling harm.
  • Evidence suggests minimal problem transfer to other gambling forms when EGMs are restricted.