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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Related Experiment Video

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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Transposable elements as essential elements in the control of gene expression.

Alemu Gebrie1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. alemugebrie2@gmail.com.

Mobile DNA
|August 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements (TEs) significantly regulate gene expression through cis-regulatory regions and regulatory RNAs. These mobile elements offer novel gene regulation mechanisms with tissue-specific functions, impacting genome evolution.

Keywords:
Gene expressionMobile elementsTransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs), or mobile elements, constitute a substantial fraction of higher animal genomes.
  • TEs play crucial roles in gene function and genome evolution by influencing gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review TE-mediated gene regulation, focusing on mechanisms, TE types, and tissue-specific roles.
  • Emphasis on recent human studies regarding transposable elements' regulatory functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on transposable elements and gene regulation.
  • Analysis of mechanisms including cis-regulatory elements and regulatory RNAs derived from TEs.

Main Results:

  • TEs provide cis-regulatory regions (promoters, enhancers) for host gene expression.
  • TEs encode regulatory RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).
  • TE-derived regulatory elements contribute to evolutionary novelty and exhibit tissue-specific functions.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements are key regulators of gene expression through diverse mechanisms.
  • TE-derived regulatory RNAs and cis-regulatory regions are vital for gene regulation and evolution.
  • TE-mediated regulatory systems often display tissue-specific activity.