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Sternal foramina: An imaging study.

De-Ting Ma1, Jun-Xia Wang2, Zhao-Hua Wang1

  • 1Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, China.

Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.)
|August 19, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sternal foramina, or bone holes in the sternum, occur in 4.44% of individuals and are near vital organs. Understanding their anatomy is key for safe minimally invasive sternum surgery.

Keywords:
anatomycomputed tomographysternal foramensternumvariation

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Medical Imaging
  • Thoracic Surgery

Background:

  • Sternal foramina are anatomical variations of the sternum.
  • Minimally invasive thoracic surgical procedures require detailed anatomical knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize sternal foramina using computed tomography (CT).
  • To assess adjacent tissues and anatomical measurements for surgical safety.
  • To provide an anatomical basis for safe minimally invasive sternum surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 2500 thoracic multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) scans.
  • Observation of sternal foramina number, location, and adjacent tissues (adipose tissue, lung, pericardium).
  • Measurement of sternal foramina size, CT values, subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness, skin-to-lung distance, skin-to-pericardium distance, and manubrio-foraminal distance.
  • Comparison of measurements between sexes.

Main Results:

  • Sternal foramina incidence was 4.44% (111/2500), more common in males.
  • Foramina located at the mesosternum's 4th-6th costal cartilage level.
  • Average transverse diameter (0.60±0.29) cm, vertical diameter (0.68±0.39) cm; larger in males.
  • Adjacent tissues included adipose tissue (36.94%), lung (33.33%), pericardium (16.22%).
  • Significant sex differences observed in foramina size and manubrio-foraminal distance.

Conclusions:

  • Sternal foramina are anatomically related to the heart and lungs.
  • Measurements like foramina size, location, subcutaneous fat, and distances to organs are critical.
  • These factors are crucial for evaluating the safety of sternal puncture biopsy and related procedures.