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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol
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Modulating Treg stability to improve cancer immunotherapy.

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  • 1Weill Cornell Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY, USA.

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Regulatory T cells (Tregs) help tumors evade immune attack. Understanding Treg diversity in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is key to developing targeted cancer immunotherapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for immune suppression and tumor immune evasion.
  • Targeting Tregs within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
  • Intratumoral Treg heterogeneity and plasticity add complexity to their role in anti-tumor immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a framework for understanding Treg heterogeneity and plasticity in the TME.
  • To discuss how Treg diversity can inform the development of novel Treg-targeting cancer therapies.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing current research on Treg heterogeneity and plasticity in the TME.
  • The review focuses on critical factors influencing Treg diversity and their implications for immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Intratumoral Tregs exhibit significant phenotypic and functional diversity.
  • This diversity impacts Treg responses to cancer therapies.
  • Specific Treg subsets may represent novel therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of Treg heterogeneity and plasticity in the TME is essential.
  • Targeting specific Treg subsets offers a promising avenue for improving cancer immunotherapy efficacy.