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The human body gets energy from the three macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Energy is released when the chemical bonds in the organic compounds present in the food are broken down. The energy content of food is measured in kilocalories (kcal), defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. This value is determined by measuring the temperature change of the water surrounding a calorimeter after the complete...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

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Does daily energy and macronutrient intake differ between work and non-workdays in shift workers? A mixed methods

Manjeet Kaur Saggi1,2, Craig L Phillips2,3, Maria Comas2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Chronobiology International
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Summary

Shift workers

Keywords:
Dieteating behaviorenergy intakenight workshift work

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Nutrition Science
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Shift work is linked to obesity and metabolic issues.
  • Eating patterns of shift workers remain understudied.
  • Understanding dietary habits is crucial for health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in energy and macronutrient intake among day and night shift nurses.
  • To explore how work and non-workdays affect eating behaviors in shift workers.
  • To identify factors influencing food choices in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Mixed-methods study combining food diaries and semi-structured interviews.
  • Involved 79 nurses from two hospitals working day and night shifts.
  • Collected data on eating behavior, sleep, chronotype, and mood.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in daily energy or macronutrient intake between work and non-workdays for day or night shifts.
  • Day shift workers consumed more sugar than night shift workers on the non-workday preceding their first shift.
  • Qualitative data revealed nurses perceived their eating habits differed across shifts and work/non-workdays.

Conclusions:

  • While objective measures show no significant difference in energy intake, subjective experiences suggest altered eating patterns.
  • Factors like food availability, convenience, and social influences significantly impact shift workers' dietary choices.
  • Further research into qualitative aspects of eating behavior is needed to support shift workers' health.