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Factors that predict weight loss success differ by diet intervention type.

Jordan Losavio1, Michael J Keenan1, Elizabeth A Gollub2

  • 1College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.

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|August 21, 2023
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Diet success in obesity varies greatly. Completing the intervention was the strongest predictor of weight loss, influenced by age, activity, and leptin. Personalized diets improve outcomes.

Keywords:
carbohydratecardiometabolicdietfatobesityweight loss

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Area of Science:

  • Obesity research
  • Nutritional science
  • Metabolic health

Background:

  • Diet interventions aim for negative energy balance and weight loss in obesity.
  • Significant inter-individual variability exists in weight loss response to dietary strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors predicting weight loss success in obesity.
  • To analyze predictors across varying macronutrient and caloric compositions of diets.

Main Methods:

  • Participants with obesity (BMI 30.0–49.9 kg/m²) self-selected low carbohydrate (LOW CHO), low fat (LOW FAT), or low calorie (LOW KCAL) diets.
  • Multivariable regression models assessed demographic, body composition, metabolic, clinical, and dietary predictors of weight loss.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in average weight loss (-5.1 kg) among diet types over 12-16 weeks.
  • Intervention completion was the most robust predictor (20-30% variance), influenced by age, physical activity, leptin, blood pressure, and weight loss amount.
  • Diet types showed specific benefits: LOW CHO improved glycemia/insulinemia, LOW FAT improved lipidemia, and LOW KCAL reduced inflammatory factors.

Conclusions:

  • Intervention completion is a key factor for weight loss success across different diets.
  • Personalized diet approaches considering individual factors can optimize weight loss and cardiometabolic health.
  • Specific dietary patterns offer targeted improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors.