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The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Geneva. The WHO has many initiatives that center around health. Primarily, they lead global efforts to expand universal health coverage using science-based policies and programs. They are also responsible for shaping health research agendas and developing norms and standards.
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The evaluation stage signals the end of the nursing process. The nurse gathers evaluative data to assess whether or not the patient has attained the expected results. Whereas the nurse collects data in the nursing assessment to identify the patient's health concerns, the evaluation stage data determines if the indicated health issues are resolved. Evaluative data collection includes two sections: the data acquired to evaluate patient outcomes and the time criteria for data collection.
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International Nursing Organization (ICN) is a global union of national nurses' organizations. Individual nurses can be a part of ICN through member organizations. Each member organization strives to ensure quality nursing care, sound health policies, the advancement of nursing knowledge, respect for the profession, and a satisfied and competent nursing workforce.
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Restorative care is provided once a patient has been discharged from a healthcare facility and requires additional services. The additional services include home care, rehabilitation programs, and extended care. Restorative care centers help the patient regain their previous level of functioning or acquire a new level of functioning due to the incapacitating effects of a disease or a disability. It aims to assist patients in enhancing their quality of life by encouraging independence,...
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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...
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Economic Evaluation of a Global Reconstructive Surgery Visiting Educator Program.

Anna Luan1,2, Natalie Meyers2, Trung Hau Le Thua3

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Visiting educator programs for reconstructive surgery are highly cost-effective in low-resource settings. These initiatives provide significant economic benefits, offering a substantial return on investment for global surgery capacity building.

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Area of Science:

  • Global Surgery
  • Health Economics
  • Surgical Education

Background:

  • In low- and middle-income countries, reconstructive surgical capacity is insufficient, leading to widespread disability and economic losses.
  • While training local surgical teams is encouraged to address this gap, economic evaluations of such educational programs are scarce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the cost-effectiveness and economic value of a reconstructive surgery visiting educator program.
  • To assess the return on investment for surgical capacity-building initiatives in resource-constrained environments.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from 12 visiting educator trips and surgical procedures in Vietnam (2014-2019).
  • Standardized cost-effectiveness analysis using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted.
  • Economic benefit estimation via human capital and value of statistical life methods; benefit-cost ratio calculation.

Main Results:

  • The program demonstrated high cost-effectiveness at $581 per DALY averted.
  • Estimated economic benefit ranged from $21.6 to $29.3 million, yielding a 12- to 16-fold return on investment.
  • Organizational costs were significantly lower ($61 per DALY averted), with a 113- to 153-fold return on investment.

Conclusions:

  • Visiting educator programs effectively build local surgical capacity in resource-limited settings.
  • These programs are highly cost-effective and offer substantial economic returns.
  • Findings can inform resource allocation decisions for global surgery initiatives by organizations, donors, and policymakers.