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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

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Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides Exacerbate Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossification Development.

Marjorie Salga1,2,3, Selwin G Samuel1,4, Hsu-Wen Tseng1

  • 1Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|August 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Gram-negative bacterial infections, specifically through lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), exacerbate neurogenic heterotopic ossifications (NHO) development. Managing infections is crucial for preventing NHO in patients with central nervous system injuries.

Keywords:
ANIMAL MODELSCYTOKINESDISEASES AND DISORDERS OF/RELATED TO BONE (OTHER)OSTEOIMMUNOLOGY

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Neurogenic heterotopic ossifications (NHO) are bone formations in muscles post-central nervous system (CNS) injury.
  • NHO prevalence is higher with infections, but the causal link is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of gram-negative bacterial infections in NHO development.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms linking infection to NHO.

Main Methods:

  • A mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI) was used to induce NHO.
  • Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were administered to assess their effect on NHO.
  • Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling pathways (TRIF/MYD88) were analyzed.
  • Human fibro-adipogenic progenitors were cultured with LPS.
  • A retrospective study in traumatic brain injury patients was conducted.

Main Results:

  • LPS exacerbated NHO development in a TLR4-dependent manner, via the TRIF pathway.
  • SCI did not cause gut barrier dysfunction or endotoxemia in the mouse model.
  • LPS increased osteoblast marker expression in human cells.
  • Gram-negative Pseudomonas infections were associated with NHO in patients.

Conclusions:

  • Gram-negative bacterial infections functionally contribute to NHO development.
  • TLR4 and TRIF signaling are key mediators.
  • Infection management is critical for NHO prevention in CNS-injured patients.