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Related Concept Videos

Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

Applications Of NMR In Biology

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
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Proteomics01:33

Proteomics

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A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
Proteomics is the study of proteomes' function. It involves the large-scale systematic study of the proteome to denote the protein complement expressed by a genome. Scientist Mark Wilkins coined the term...
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Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor
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Neutron Scattering in the Biological Sciences: Techniques And Applications.

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  • 1Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University; Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; meilleurf@ornl.gov.

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Neutron scattering techniques offer powerful insights into material science and biological systems. These methods enable detailed analysis of protein structures, nanoscale materials, and membrane dynamics, advancing scientific understanding.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2025

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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Area of Science:

  • Utilizes neutron scattering techniques, including crystallography, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy.
  • Focuses on applications in macromolecular crystallography, nanoscale materials science, and biological systems research.
  • Investigates protein structure, dynamics, lipid membrane interactions, and time-evolution of materials.

Background:

  • Neutron macromolecular crystallography requires optimized crystal growth for accurate data collection.
  • Neutron crystallography aids in modeling hydrogen atoms within protein structures.
  • Stopped-flow coupled with SANS allows measurement of nanoscale material dynamics.

Discussion:

  • Neutron radiography and computed tomography provide insights into biological systems.
  • Neutron spin echo spectroscopy is crucial for studying protein dynamics.
  • NSE spectroscopy uniquely probes lipid membrane dynamics and membrane-protein interactions.

Key Insights:

  • Optimization of crystal growth is essential for advancing neutron macromolecular crystallography.
  • Neutron scattering methods are vital for characterizing complex biological and material structures.
  • Time-resolved measurements using SANS reveal dynamic processes in nanoscale materials.

Outlook:

  • Continued development of neutron scattering techniques will enhance structural and dynamic analyses.
  • Applications in structural biology and materials science are expected to expand.
  • Further exploration of neutron techniques will deepen understanding of biological membranes and protein functions.