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Related Concept Videos

Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Physiological Barriers01:25

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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Development of Blood Vessels01:07

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Embryonic Connective Tissues01:20

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During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
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Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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The Placenta: A Maternofetal Interface.

Kimberly O'Brien1, Yiqin Wang1

  • 1Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; email: koo4@cornell.edu, yw729@cornell.edu.

Annual Review of Nutrition
|August 21, 2023
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Summary

The placenta regulates nutrient transport to the fetus, adapting to changing maternal and fetal conditions throughout pregnancy. Advanced technologies offer new insights into this vital organ's role in fetal development and long-term health.

Keywords:
hemotrophic nutritionhistiotrophic nutritionnutrient transportersplacentaplacental mosaicismsyncytiotrophoblast

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Maternal-fetal medicine

Background:

  • The placenta acts as a crucial interface for nutrient exchange between mother and fetus.
  • Pregnancy involves distinct nutritional phases: histiotrophic nutrition (first trimester) and hemotrophic nutrition (second trimester onwards).
  • The placenta must dynamically adapt to varying nutrient availability, maternal physiological changes, and fetal growth demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms of nutrient transport across the placenta.
  • To understand the maternal and fetal factors influencing placental nutrient delivery.
  • To investigate the placenta's regulatory role in maternofetal nutrient exchange.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced technologies and omics approaches.
  • Studying the maternofetal interface.
  • Analyzing placental adaptation during gestation.

Main Results:

  • The placenta actively regulates nutrient transport to the fetus.
  • Placental adaptation is key to managing variable nutrient supplies and physiological changes.
  • New insights into placental function are emerging from omics studies.

Conclusions:

  • The placenta is a highly adaptable organ critical for fetal development.
  • Understanding placental mechanisms impacts knowledge of fetal growth and long-term health.
  • Ongoing research using new technologies enhances our comprehension of this vital interface.