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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Related Experiment Video

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Osteocalcin: A Multifaceted Bone-Derived Hormone.

Gerard Karsenty1

  • 1Departments of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA;

Annual Review of Nutrition
|August 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Osteocalcin, a bone-derived hormone, influences energy metabolism, male fertility, and cognition in mammals. This review explores its diverse roles beyond bone structure.

Keywords:
bonedanger repellentenergy metabolismosteocalcinundercarboxylation

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Osteocalcin is a bone-derived secreted molecule.
  • It acts as a hormone in rodents and primates.
  • Osteocalcin influences multiple physiological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions of osteocalcin.
  • To focus on osteocalcin's regulation of energy metabolism.
  • To explore potential common themes linking osteocalcin's functions.

Main Methods:

  • Loss-of-function experiments.
  • Gain-of-function experiments.
  • Literature review focusing on osteocalcin's effects.

Main Results:

  • Osteocalcin influences energy metabolism, steroidogenesis, and neurotransmitter biosynthesis.
  • It impacts male fertility, electrolyte balance, cognition, stress response, and exercise capacity.
  • Osteocalcin's functions may share a common underlying theme related to bone structure.

Conclusions:

  • Osteocalcin is a pleiotropic hormone with wide-ranging effects.
  • Its roles extend beyond energy metabolism to include reproduction and neurological functions.
  • A unifying principle may connect osteocalcin's systemic functions with its skeletal origins.