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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection
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Intersubject similarity in neural representations underlies shared episodic memory content.

Jintao Sheng1, Sisi Wang1, Liang Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and International Data Group/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Neural synchronization during encoding predicts memory ability and shared memory content. Brain regions like the angular gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are key to shared episodic memory formation.

Keywords:
episodic memoryfMRIintersubject analysismemory encodingneural representation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Subjectiveness of memory formation from shared experiences is not well understood.
  • Neural mechanisms for individualized memory remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate cross-subject neural representational mechanisms of individualized memory.
  • Identify brain regions and patterns associated with shared memory content.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a large functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) dataset (n=415).
  • Analyzed a face-name associative memory task.
  • Employed cross-subject neural representational analysis.

Main Results:

  • Memory abilities correlated with synchronization to group-averaged neural activation.
  • Shared memory content between individuals predicted by shared local neural activation patterns.
  • Key brain regions identified include the angular gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Conclusions:

  • Neural synchronization and representational similarity play roles in memory individualization.
  • Shared neural activation patterns underlie shared memory content, independent of individual ability.
  • Episodic memory formation is a constructive process influenced by shared neural representations.