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Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

All matter is composed of atoms, the smallest individual units of elements. Each atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Together, these three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.The History of Atomic TheoryThe first person to propose that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles was the Greek philosopher Democritus, around 450 B.C. He used the term atomos, Greek for “indivisible,” from which the modern term “atom” is derived.

Valence Bond Theory

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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Atomic Structure

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The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for "indivisible," from which the modern term "atom" is derived. In the 19th century, John Dalton proposed the atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He put forth five postulates to explain how atoms made up the world around us. (1) All matter is composed of infinitely small particles or atoms. (2) All atoms of a given element are identical to one another and (3) are...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

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Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Published on: October 9, 2012

Colloidal Ag₂Se intraband quantum dots.

Mohammad Mostafa Al Mahfuz¹, Junsung Park¹, Rakina Islam¹

¹Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA. dkko@njit.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|August 22, 2023

Summary

New silver selenide colloidal quantum dot sensors offer a cost-effective, energy-efficient solution for infrared detection, crucial for the Internet of Things and wearable electronics. These advancements minimize size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) without cryogenic cooling.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Infrared Spectroscopy

Background:

Growing demand for miniaturized, energy-efficient, and cost-effective infrared detectors driven by IoT, wearable electronics, and machine vision.
Current limitations in infrared detector technology include high fabrication costs from semiconductor epitaxy and the need for cryogenic cooling.
Intraband colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are emerging as a promising solution, particularly in the mid-wavelength infrared spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the development of infrared sensors based on silver selenide (Ag2Se) intraband colloidal quantum dots.
To highlight the key material capabilities, such as wafer-scale monolithic integration and Auger suppression, for minimizing sensor size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C).
To assess the potential of Ag2Se CQDs for wide-scale adoption in consumer and industrial applications.

Main Methods:

Focus on intraband colloidal quantum dots, specifically Ag2Se.
Review of material capabilities including wafer-scale monolithic integration and Auger suppression.
Discussion of SWaP-C reduction strategies for infrared sensors.

Main Results:

Ag2Se intraband CQDs represent a forefront technology for mid-wavelength infrared sensing.
These CQDs offer a pathway to reduce fabrication costs and eliminate the need for cryogenic cooling.
The material's heavy metal-free nature and potential for monolithic integration are key advantages.

Conclusions:

Ag2Se intraband colloidal quantum dots are a promising heavy metal-free nanomaterial for next-generation infrared detectors.
These sensors can meet the stringent SWaP-C requirements for emerging electronic applications.
The technology holds significant potential for broad adoption in consumer and industrial markets.