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Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

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The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
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Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
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Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter...
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A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse
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Subhumans, human flourishing and abortion: a reply to Räsänen.

Calum Miller1

  • 1Blackfriars Hall, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK c.miller@oxon.org.

Journal of Medical Ethics
|August 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study defends the moral equality of all humans, arguing against abortion. It refutes objections claiming human value can be based on flourishing or that

Area of Science:

  • Moral philosophy
  • Bioethics

Background:

  • The principle of moral equality is central to many ethical frameworks.
  • An argument against abortion has been proposed based on the moral equality of all humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To defend the argument that human moral equality entails an argument against abortion.
  • To address and refute two specific objections raised by Räsänen regarding the grounding of human value and the binary nature of being human.

Main Methods:

  • Philosophical argumentation and conceptual analysis.
  • Critique of Räsänen's proposed criteria for grounding human value.
  • Examination of the concept of 'subhuman entities'.

Main Results:

  • Räsänen's proposed criterion for grounding human value, based on the ability to flourish, is shown to be vulnerable to the original moral equality argument.
Keywords:
Abortion - InducedEmbryos and FetusesHuman Rights

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  • Räsänen's conception of 'subhuman entities' is demonstrated to be unsuccessful and fails to undermine the argument for human moral equality.

    • Conclusions:

    • The argument for abortion being morally impermissible, based on human moral equality, remains robust against Räsänen's objections.
    • The proposed criterion for human value and the conceptualization of subhuman entities are philosophically inadequate.