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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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RNA Editing02:23

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Next-generation Sequencing03:00

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
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Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

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Advances in mitochondrial DNA base editing technology.

Rui-Jia Song1, Lu Han1, Hai-Feng Sun1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.

Yi Chuan = Hereditas
|August 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial base editing offers a new way to correct mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which cause diseases. DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) successfully achieved specific C-to-T base editing in mtDNA.

Keywords:
base editingmitochondrial DNAmitochondrial diseases

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Efficient PAM-Less Base Editing for Zebrafish Modeling of Human Genetic Disease with zSpRY-ABE8e
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Functional Assessment of BRCA1 variants using CRISPR-Mediated Base Editors
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Mitochondria generate cellular energy (ATP) via aerobic respiration.
  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations cause over 100 human diseases, affecting ~1 in 5000 people.
  • Current CRISPR base editing is limited to nuclear DNA due to mitochondrial membrane barriers.

Conclusions:

  • DddA-based base editing represents a significant breakthrough for targeting mtDNA.
  • This technology holds promise for developing novel therapies for mitochondrial disorders.
  • Further research can optimize DdCBEs for broader therapeutic applications.