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Related Concept Videos

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

3.8K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
3.8K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.3K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
4.3K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.4K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.4K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.6K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
3.6K
Nitriles to Ketones: Grignard Reaction00:57

Nitriles to Ketones: Grignard Reaction

4.3K
Organomagnesium halides, commonly known as Grignard reagents, convert nitriles to ketones and proceed through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. Nitriles react with a Grignard reagent, followed by an aqueous acid, to yield ketones. The reaction introduces a new carbon–carbon bond. The alkyl–magnesium bond in the Grignard reagent is highly polar, so the alkyl carbon develops a carbanionic character and acts as a nucleophile.
The mechanism begins with a nucleophilic attack by the Grignard...
4.3K

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Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
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Recent Progress on Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials Based on Tetrazole Skeleton.

Bihai Chen1, Han Lu2, Jiayi Chen3,2

  • 1Hunan Nanling Industry Explosive Material Co., Ltd., Changsha, 410013, China. cbhth67@163.com.

Topics in Current Chemistry (Cham)
|August 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary

High-nitrogen energetic materials, particularly those based on tetrazole skeletons, offer superior energy density and stability. This review details their synthesis and properties for advanced applications.

Keywords:
Energetic materialsEnergyNitrogen richTetrazole

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Area of Science:

  • Energetic Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nitrogen-rich energetic materials are crucial for advanced applications due to their high energy density, thermal stability, and environmental friendliness.
  • Tetrazole stands out among azoles for its exceptionally high nitrogen and energy content, making it an ideal scaffold for energetic materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of high-nitrogen energetic materials utilizing the tetrazole skeleton.
  • To highlight the synthesis, properties, and potential applications of tetrazole-based energetic materials.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on tetrazole-based energetic materials.
  • Classification and detailed introduction of various tetrazole derivatives.
  • Summarization of synthesis and properties of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-tetrazole-based energetic materials.

Main Results:

  • Tetrazole derivatives demonstrate excellent energetic performance and tunable sensitivity.
  • Incorporating explosophoric groups onto the tetrazole skeleton enhances energetic properties.
  • A comprehensive overview of tetrazole-based energetic materials is presented, covering their synthesis and characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The tetrazole skeleton is a highly effective platform for designing advanced, high-nitrogen energetic materials.
  • Further research into tetrazole-based compounds promises novel energetic materials with tailored properties.