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Learning and memory for personality prototypes.

J D Mayer, G H Bower

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    |September 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
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    People can learn personality traits from observation, forming mental representations called schemata. Memory processes, particularly frequency sensitivity, influence how these personality schemata are acquired and recalled.

    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Social Psychology
    • Memory Research

    Background:

    • Personality traits are often assumed to be stored in memory as schemata.
    • Limited research has explored the observational learning of personality schemata.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether personality schemata can be learned through observation.
    • To examine the influence of conflicting cues on schema learning.
    • To understand the role of memory processes in personality schema acquisition.

    Main Methods:

    • Three studies involved subjects classifying person instances into group members and nonmembers based on a personality prototype.
    • Conflicting cues were used to simulate the learning of fuzzy categories.
    • Memory bias and frequency estimation for group membership cues were analyzed.

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    Main Results:

    • Excellent learning of group membership occurred across all studies.
    • Frequency of group membership cues was overestimated for non-group instances.
    • Schema-consistent memory bias was observed for person instances.
    • Schemata with consistent positive/negative traits were learned faster than arbitrary ones.

    Conclusions:

    • Observational learning of personality schemata is feasible.
    • Findings support the role of frequency sensitivity in memory.
    • A probabilistic cued-memory retrieval model accounts for observed effects.
    • Implications for everyday cognitive performance in social perception are discussed.