Generation of time-synchronized two-color X-ray free-electron laser pulses using phase shifters

To optimize the intensity of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), phase shifters, oriented in phase with the phases of the XFEL pulse and electron beam, are typically installed at undulator lines. Although a π-offset between the phases (i.e., an "out-of-phase" configuration) can suppress the XFEL intensity at resonant frequencies, it can also generate a side-band spectrum, which results in a two-color XFEL pulse; the dynamics of such a pulse can be described using the spontaneous radiation or low gain theory. This attributes of this two-color XFEL pulse can be amplified (log-scale amplification) through an undulator line with out-of-phase phase shifters. In this study, the features of two-color XFEL pulses were evaluated through theory, simulations and experiments performed at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser. The XFEL gain slope and energy separation between the two-color spectral peaks were consistent through theoretical expectation, and the results of simulation and experiment. The experimentally determined two-color XFEL pulse energy was 250 μJ at a photon energy of 12.38 keV with a separation of 60 eV.