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Gene losses, parallel evolution and heightened expression confer adaptations to dedicated cleaning behaviour.

Jingliang Kang1, Sandra Ramirez-Calero1, José Ricardo Paula1,2,3

  • 1Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.

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|August 23, 2023
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Summary

The bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) genome reveals genetic adaptations for cleaning behavior, including altered sensory perception and enhanced neural signaling. This provides insights into the evolution of specialized symbiotic interactions in fish.

Keywords:
Gene family contractionImmune systemLabroides dimidiatusNeural signal transductionSensory receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Genomics
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Cleaning symbioses are crucial interspecific interactions involving cleaner fish removing ectoparasites.
  • These interactions benefit fish communities and aquaculture, yet the genetic basis remains understudied.
  • The bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) is a dedicated cleaner, making its genome a key resource.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the genetic signatures underlying the specialized cleaning behavior of Labroides dimidiatus.
  • To compare the genome of L. dimidiatus with facultative and non-cleaner wrasses to identify unique adaptations.
  • To understand the genomic and transcriptomic adaptations enabling dedicated cleaning.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly for Labroides dimidiatus.
  • Comparative genomic analysis of olfactory receptors, immune genes, taste receptors, and bone development genes.
  • Transcriptomic analysis to investigate gene expression patterns, particularly in the brain, related to cleaning anticipation and execution.

Main Results:

  • L. dimidiatus shows reduced olfactory receptor genes but heightened expression in brain regions associated with tactile perception and anticipation of cleaning.
  • Convergent evolution in taste receptor and bone development genes suggests enhanced food discrimination and jaw morphology in cleaners.
  • Positive selection in glutamatergic synapse pathway genes and reduced protocadherins indicate specialized neural signaling for cleaning behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Labroides dimidiatus possesses significant genetic adaptations, including gene family contractions and convergent evolution, facilitating its dedicated cleaning lifestyle.
  • High gene expression in preparation for cleaning highlights the neural and physiological adaptations required for this specialized behavior.
  • The study provides a genomic foundation for understanding the evolution of cleaning symbioses and specialized behaviors in fish.