Quantifying bladder outflow obstruction in men: A comparison of four approximation methods exploiting large data...

A pressure flow study (PFS), part of the International Continence Society standard urodynamic test, is regarded gold standard for the classification and quantification of the urethral resistance (UR), expressed in the bladder outflow obstruction (BOO). For men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, the minimum urethral opening pressure (p_muo ), found at the end of the passive urethral resistance relation is considered the relevant parameter describing BOO. However, in clinical practice, direct measurements of p_muo are easily confounded by terminal dribbling. For that reason, alternative methods were developed to derive p_muo , and thereby assess BOO using the maximum urine flow rate (Q_max ) and the corresponding pressure (p_detQmax ) instead. These methods were never directly compared against a large data set. With the increasing variety of treatments becoming available more precise grading of UR may become of relevance. The current study compares four well-known methods to approximate p_muo and examines the relation between p_muo and p_detQmax .

In total, 1717 high-quality PFS of men referred with lower urinary tract symptoms between 2003 and 2020 without earlier lower urinary tract surgery were included. From these recordings, p_muo was calculated according to three one-parameter methods. In addition, a three-parameter method (3PM) was used, based on a fit through the lowest pressure flank of the pressure-flow plot. The estimated p_muo 's were compared with a precisely assessed p_muo . A difference of <10 cmH₂ O between an estimate and the actual p_muo was considered accurate. A comparison between the four approximation methods and the actual p_muo was visualized using a Bland-Altman plot. The differences between the actual and the estimated slope were assessed and dependency on p_muo was analyzed.

A total of 1717 studies were analyzed. In 55 (3.2%) PFS, 3PM analysis was impossible because all pressures after Q_max were higher than p_detQmax . The 3PM model was superior in predicting p_muo , with 75.9% of the approximations within a range of +10 or -10 cmH₂ O of the actual p_muo . Moreover, p_muo according to urethral resistance A (URA) and linearized passive urethral resistance relation (linPURR) appear equally reliable. Bladder outflow obstruction index (BOOI) was significantly less accurate when compared to all others. Bland-Altman analysis showed a tendency of BOOI to overestimate p_muo in men with higher grades of UR, while URA tended to underestimate p_muo in those cases. The slope between p_muo and p_detQmax -Q_max increased with larger p_muo , as opposed to the constant relation proposed within BOOI. Although significant differences were found, the clinical relevance of those differences is not known.

Of the four methods to estimate p_muo and quantify BOO, 3PM was found the most accurate and BOOI the least accurate. As 3PM is not generally available and performance in lower quality PFS is unknown, linPURR is (for now) the most physiologically accurate.