Healthy mitochondrial DNA in balanced mitochondrial dynamics: A potential marker for neuro‑aging prediction (Review)
Made Putra Semadhi1,2, Dewi Mulyaty3, Eli Halimah2
1Prodia National Reference Laboratory, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.
Abstract:
The mitochondrial genome or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is released as a response to cellular stress. In mitochondrial biogenesis, active communication between the mitochondria genome and nucleus is associated with the mtDNA profile that affects the mitochondrial quality. The present review aimed to assess the molecular mechanism and potential roles of mitochondria in neuro-aging, including the importance of evaluating the health status of mtDNA via mitochondrial dynamics. The normal condition of mitochondria, defined as mitochondrial dynamics, includes persistent changes in morphology due to fission and fusion events and autophagy-mitophagy in the mitochondrial quality control process. The calculated copy number of mtDNA in the mitochondria genome represents cellular health, which can be affected by a long-term imbalance between the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the neuroendocrine system, which leads to an abnormal function of mitochondria and mtDNA damage. Mitochondria health is a new approach to discovering a potential indicator for the health status of the nervous system and several types of neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrial dynamics is a key contributor to predicting neuro-aging development, which affects the self-renewal and differentiation of neurons in cell metabolism. Neuro-aging is associated with uncontrolled mitochondrial dynamics, which generates age-associated diseases via various mechanisms and signaling routes that lead to the mtDNA damage that has been associated with neurodegeneration. Future studies on the strategic positioning of mtDNA health profile are needed to detect early neurodegenerative disorders.
Insights
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) health, assessed via mitochondrial dynamics, is crucial for understanding neuro-aging. Evaluating mtDNA status may offer early detection for neurodegenerative disorders and indicate nervous system health.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Cell Biology
- Genetics
Background:
- Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is released under cellular stress.
- Mitochondrial biogenesis involves communication between the mitochondrial genome and nucleus, influencing mitochondrial quality.
- Mitochondrial dynamics, including fission, fusion, and mitophagy, are key to mitochondrial quality control.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the molecular mechanisms and roles of mitochondria in neuro-aging.
- To highlight the importance of assessing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) health through mitochondrial dynamics.
- To explore mitochondria as potential indicators for nervous system health and neurodegenerative disorders.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on mitochondrial function in neuro-aging.
- Analysis of the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics, mtDNA integrity, and neurodegeneration.
- Examination of reactive oxygen species' impact on mitochondria and mtDNA.
Main Results:
- Mitochondrial dynamics are critical for predicting neuro-aging and neuronal function.
- Imbalances in reactive oxygen species can lead to abnormal mitochondrial function and mtDNA damage.
- mtDNA damage is linked to neurodegeneration and age-associated diseases.
Conclusions:
- Mitochondrial health, reflected in mtDNA status and dynamics, is a novel indicator for nervous system health.
- Uncontrolled mitochondrial dynamics contribute to age-associated diseases and neurodegeneration.
- Further research into mtDNA health profiling is essential for early detection of neurodegenerative disorders.
