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Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
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Introduction to Developmental Psychology01:27

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Developmental psychology explores the changes and continuities in human abilities throughout life, encompassing physical, cognitive, linguistic, and social dimensions. Human development is not restricted to growth, but includes aspects of decline, particularly in physical abilities as individuals age. Developmental psychologists seek to understand how people change as they age and how their mental and social skills evolve.
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Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development suggests that early childhood experiences significantly shape personality and behavior. Freud proposed that development is discontinuous, occurring in five distinct stages, each defined by a focus on different erogenous zones. He believed that failure to resolve the conflicts specific to each stage successfully could result in fixation, potentially influencing behavior as adults.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
10:11

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

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Developmental Trajectories of Autism.

Christine Fountain1, Alix S Winter2, Keely Cheslack-Postava3

  • 1Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Fordham University, New York, New York.

Pediatrics
|August 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most autistic individuals show improved communication and social functioning over time, but a small group experiences a decline in social skills during adolescence, linked to socioeconomic factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Social sciences

Background:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) impacts communication and social functioning.
  • Understanding developmental trajectories in ASD is crucial for targeted interventions.
  • Longitudinal data is needed to map changes from childhood to adulthood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe typical developmental trajectories of communication and social functioning in individuals with ASD.
  • To identify factors associated with different developmental patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of longitudinal data from 71,285 individuals with ASD in California (1992-2016).
  • Group-based latent trajectory modeling to identify typical patterns.
  • Logistic regression to examine correlates of social functioning decline.

Main Results:

  • Identified 6 communication and 7 social functioning trajectories.
  • Most individuals showed improved communication and steady social functioning.
  • A subgroup (5.0%) experienced a decline in social functioning during adolescence.

Conclusions:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) development is heterogeneous.
  • Socioeconomic status correlates with specific social functioning trajectories.
  • Further research is needed to understand the drivers of these correlations.