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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
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Exploring the outer limits of polyplexes.

A Agrawal1, Q Leng1, Z Imtiyaz1

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|August 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Loosely packed histidine-lysine polyplexes show promise for effective tumor transfection in vivo. Low peptide/DNA ratios enhance tumor transfection and specificity, overcoming limitations of previous polyplex formulations.

Keywords:
HistidinePeptidePlasmidsPolyplexesTumor

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Gene Therapy
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Histidine-containing polymers are explored for nucleic acid delivery.
  • Polyplexes often accumulate in tumors via EPR effect, with limited clinical success.
  • Neuropilin-1 mediated transport is a target for improved delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Compare two histidine-lysine (HK) peptide polyplexes for plasmid delivery in vivo.
  • Evaluate the impact of peptide/DNA ratios on tumor transfection and specificity.
  • Investigate the correlation between polyplex structure and transfection efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro and in vivo comparison of polymerized HK (H2KC-48) and monomeric HK (H2K) polyplexes.
  • Assessment of plasmid transfection in tumor xenografts.
  • Electrophoretic gel retardation assays to analyze polyplex structure.

Main Results:

  • Both HK polyplexes demonstrated effective tumor xenograft transfection in vivo.
  • Lower peptide/DNA ratios resulted in higher tumor transfection and specificity.
  • Minimal gel retardation observed for low peptide/DNA ratio polyplexes, indicating loose packing.

Conclusions:

  • Loosely packed HK polyplexes are effective for in vivo tumor transfection.
  • Optimizing peptide/DNA ratios is crucial for enhancing transfection efficiency and specificity.
  • This study highlights a promising strategy for gene delivery to tumors.