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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
411
Arteries of the Lower Limbs01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Motor seizure semiology.

Shasha Wu1, Douglas R Nordli2

  • 1Department of Neurology and the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|August 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Motor semiology, including positive and negative signs, is crucial for epilepsy evaluation and seizure localization. This review details specific motor seizure types and their diagnostic value using intracranial EEG, especially stereoelectroencephalography.

Keywords:
ElectroencephalographyFocal epilepsyGeneralized epilepsyLateralizing signsLocalizing signsMotor seizuresSeizure semiologyStereoelectroencephalography

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Motor semiology is vital for classifying and localizing seizures in epilepsy.
  • Understanding both positive and negative motor phenomena aids in accurate diagnosis.

Approach:

  • This chapter reviews well-defined motor seizure semiology.
  • It utilizes updated knowledge from intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), particularly stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG).

Key Points:

  • Typical motor seizures include tonic, clonic, tonic-clonic, myoclonic, atonic, epileptic spasms, automatisms, and hyperkinetic seizures.
  • Negative motor phenomena like atonic seizures and Todd's paralysis are critical.
  • Specific signs (version, unilateral dystonia, figure 4, M2e, asymmetric clonic ending) offer significant localization value.

Conclusions:

  • The review focuses on the localization value and pathophysiology of motor seizure semiology.
  • Updated iEEG data, especially sEEG, enhances understanding of these clinical signs.