Advances in Understanding and Managing Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Narrative Review

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of hepatocytes, leading to inflammation and fibrosis. In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of AIH. This comprehensive narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of these advances. The review begins by outlining the historical background of AIH, dating back to its initial recognition in the 1940s, and highlights the evolution of diagnostic criteria and classification based on autoantibody profiles. The epidemiology of AIH is explored, discussing its varying prevalence across different regions and the role of genetic predisposition, viral infections, and drug exposure as risk factors. Furthermore, the review delves into the pathogenesis of AIH, focusing on the dysregulated immune response, involvement of T cells, and potential contribution of the gut microbiome. Clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and liver biopsy as crucial tools for diagnosis are also discussed. Regarding management, the review provides an in-depth analysis of the standard first-line treatments involving glucocorticoids and azathioprine, as well as alternative therapies for non-responsive cases. Additionally, emerging second and third-line treatment options are examined. In conclusion, this narrative review highlights the complexity of AIH and underscores the importance of early diagnosis and individualized treatment approaches to improve patient outcomes. Further research and clinical trials are needed to optimize AIH management and ensure a better long-term prognosis for affected individuals.