Voltage-driven ion flux promotes emulsification at the water|oil interface

Emulsions are critical across a vast range of industries. Generally, emulsion synthesis is a complicated chemical process, requiring many mixed-phase systems. Here, we demonstrate that the flux of ions across the oil|water interface induces emulsification. Ion flux is achieved by a voltage-driven process, where an anode and a cathode are placed in each phase. When a current density of 2 mA cm^-2 is reached across the interface, emulsification occurs. We demonstrate that emulsification can be tuned to occur in both phases, depending on the ions present. Droplet sizes are on the order of hundreds of nm and are stable for over an hour even without purposefully added surfactant. We demonstrate qualitative control over droplet size and charge based on salt content, current densities, and polarity of the interface. The process is 1000 times less energetic than ultrasonication. Our results introduce a robust and low-energy means of nanodroplet dispersion without the use of more than two phases and complex phase-transfer agents.